Wayzata World Factbook 1995/World Factbook - 1995 Edition - Wayzata Technology (1995).iso/mac/text/Build/orig BACKGR/BNOT0106.TXT

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National Trade Data Bank
ITEM ID     : ST BNOTES TURKEY
DATE        : Oct 28, 1994

AGENCY      : U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
PROGRAM     : BACKGROUND NOTES
TITLE       : Background Notes - TURKEY

Source key      : ST
Program key     : ST BNOTES
Update sched.   : Occasionally
Data type       : TEXT
End year        : 1992
Date of record  : 19941018
Keywords 3      :
Keywords 3      : | TURKEY

United States Department of State
Bureau of Public Affairs

BACKGROUND NOTES:  TURKEY
RELEASED:  January 1991

Official Name:
Republic of Turkey

PROFILE
Geography
Area:  766,640 sq. km. (296,000 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Texas.
Cities:  Capital-Ankara (pop. 3.69 million).  Other cities-Istanbul (6.82
million), Izmir (2.61 million), Adana (1.93 million).  Terrain:  Narrow
coastal plain surrounds Anatolia; an inland plateau becomes
increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.  Turkey includes one
of the more earthquake-prone areas of the world.  Climate:
Moderate in coastal areas, harsher temperatures inland.

People

Nationality:  Noun-Turk(s).  Adjective-Turkish.  Population (1989 est.):
55.3 million.  Annual growth rate:  2.2%. Ethnic groups:  Turkish,
Kurdish, other.  Religions:  Muslim 98%, Christian, Jewish.
Languages:  Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic.  Education:  Years
compulsory-6. Attendance-95%.  Literacy-89%. Health:  Infant
mortality rate-62/1,000.  Life expectancy-66 yrs.  Work force (18.7
million):  Agriculture-50%.  Industry and commerce-21%.
Services-29%.


Government

Type:  Republic.  Independence:  1923. Constitution:  November 7,
1982.

Branches:   Executive-president (chief of state), prime minister,
Council of Ministers (cabinet).  Legislative-Grand National Assembly
(450 members) chosen by national elections at least every 5 years.
Judicial-constitutional court, court of cassation, council of state, high
council of judges and prosecutors.

Political parties:  Motherland Party (ANAP), Social Democrat Populist
Party (SHP), Correct Way Party (DYP), democratic Left Party (DSP),
several smaller parties.  Suffrage:  Universal, 21 and older.

Central government budget (1989 est.):  $15.5 billion (32,933 billion
Turkish lira).

Defense:  2.8% of 1989 GDP or 13.2% of 1989 budget.

National holiday:  Republic Day, October 29.

Flag:  White crescent and star on a red field.
Economy

GNP (1989 estimate):  $80.5 billion.  Annual growth rate (1983-89):
5.3%.  Per capita income (1989 estimate):  $1,433.  Avg. annual
inflation rate (1989):  About 68.8%.
Natural resources:  Coal, chromite, copper, boron, oil.

Agriculture (15% of GNP):  Major cash crops-cotton, sugar beets,
hazelnuts, wheat, barley, and tobacco.  Provides more than 55% of
jobs, 25% of exports.

Industry (32% of GNP):  Major growth sector.  Types-Food
processing, textiles, basic metals, chemicals, and petrochemicals.
Trade (1989):  Exports-$12 billion:  tobacco, cotton, textiles, cement,
raisins, nuts, leather, glass, ceramics.  Imports-$16 billion:
petroleum, pharmaceuticals and dyes, iron and steel, machinery,
plastics and rubber, transport vehicles.  Major partners-France,
Germany, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, UK, US, USSR.
Fiscal year:  Calendar year.

Official exchange rate (Feb. 1990):  2408 Turkish lira=US$1
(adjusted daily).

US economic aid (FY 1946-90):  $4.3 billion.  US military aid (FY
1946-90):  more than  $14 billion.

Membership in International
Organizations

UN, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Council of Europe,
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),
Islamic Conference Organization (OIC), European Community (EC)
associate member, ITELSAT.
PEOPLE

Bridging Europe and Asia Minor, Turkey is a land of geographic,
economic, and social contrasts.  Slightly larger than Texas, modern
Turkey spans bustling cosmopolitan centers, pastoral farming
villages, barren wastelands, peaceful Aegean islands, and steep
mountain regions.  More than half of Turkey's population-expected
to reach 83 million by 2005 if its annual growth rate of 2.2%
continues-live in urban areas that juxtapose Western life-styles with
squatter dwellings that increasingly ring the cities' edges.  Most
Turks,  however, work on farms.  Although Turkey is still a
developing country,  recent improvements in services have resulted
in the proliferation of electricity nationwide and telephone
connections for all its 34,500 villages.
Although 98% of the population is Muslim, Turkey has been officially
secular since the early 1920s.  Most Turkish Muslims belong to the
Sunni branch of Islam.  The state exercises no legal discrimination
against its non-Islamic minorities, primarily Armenian and Syriac
Christians, and Jews.
Turks of Kurdish origin constitute an ethnic and linguistic group.
Estimates of their population range up to 10 million.  Although an
increasing number have migrated to the cities, the traditional home
of the Kurds is in poor, remote areas of the east and southeast,
where incomes are less than half the national average and economic
development lags.


Culture

Turkish culture, rich in Ottoman and folkloric elements, is traditional
and modern.  Turkish carpet weaving is one of the oldest crafts in
the world.  Ceramics and other Ottoman-era crafts retain their varied
regional character.
Modern Turkish cultural life dates from the 1923 founding of the
republic and early efforts to Westernize Turkish society.  As a result,
the arts, literature, drama, and classical and contemporary music
have flourished.  State support of cultural activities is extensive and
encompasses a national network of theaters, orchestras, opera and
ballet companies, university fine arts academies, and various
conservatories.  Public funds also are used to pro-vide partial
support for private theater groups and for major art exhibitions and
festivals.


HISTORY

The legendary Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish World War I hero later
known as "Ataturk" or "father of the Turks," founded the republic of
Turkey in 1923 after the collapse of the 600-year-old Ottoman
Empire.  The empire, which at its peak controlled vast stretches of
northern Africa, southeastern Europe, and western Asia, had failed
to keep pace with European social and technological developments.
The rise of nationalism impelled several ethnic groups to seek
independence, leading to the empire's fragmentation.  This process
culminated in the disastrous Ottoman participation in World War I as
a German ally.  Defeated, shorn of much of its former territory, and
partly occupied by forces of the victorious European states, the
Ottoman structure was repudiated by Turkish nationalists who rallied
under Ataturk's leadership.  The nationalists expelled invading Greek
forces from Anatolia after a bitter war.  The temporal and religious
ruling institutions of the old empire (the sultanate and caliphate) were
abolished.

The new republic concentrated on Westernizing the empire's Turkish
core-Anatolia and a small part of Thrace.  Social, political, linguistic,
and economic reforms and attitudes introduced by Ataturk before his
death in 1938 continue to form the ideological base of modern
Turkey.  Referred to as "Kemalism," it comprises secularism,
nationalism, and modernization and turns toward the West for
inspiration and support.  The continued validity and applicability of
Kemalism are the subject of frequent discussion and debate in
Turkey's political life.

Turkey entered World War II on the Allied side shortly before the war
ended and became a charter member of the United Nations.
Difficulties faced by Greece after World War II in quelling a
Communist rebellion and demands by the Soviet Union for military
bases in the Turkish Straits caused the United States to declare the
Truman Doctrine in 1947.  The doctrine enunciated American
intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece and
resulted in large-scale US military and economic aid.  After
participating with United Nations forces in the Korean conflict, Turkey
in 1952 joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Military Coups and Coalitions

One-party rule (Republican People's Party-RPP) established by
Ataturk in 1923 lasted until elections in 1950.  The Democrat Party
then governed Turkey until 1960, when growing economic problems
and internal political tensions culminated in a military coup.  A new
constitution was written, and civilian government was reinstated with
the convening of the Grand National Assembly (GNA) in 1961.  In
addition, the new constitution established a National Security Council
(NSC) composed of the chief of the Turkish general staff and
representatives of the army, air force, and navy.

Coalition governments, dominated by the RPP, ruled Turkey for the
next 5 years.  In 1965 and 1969, the Justice Party (JP), led by
Suleyman Demirel, won sizable majorities of GNA seats and ruled
alone.

Political agitation surfaced in 1968 and increased as left- and
right-wing extremists took to the streets.  In March 1971, senior
military leaders grew dissatisfied with the JP's inability to cope with
domestic violence. In a so-called "coup by memorandum," they
called for the JP's replacement by a more effective government.

Demirel's government resigned and was replaced by a succession
of "above party" governments, which ruled until the October 1973
general elections.  Those elections saw the RPP reemerge as the
largest party and its chairman, Bulent Ecevit, become prime minister
of a coalition government composed of the RPP and the
conservative, religiously oriented National Salvation Party.  In 1974,
the coalition faltered.  Ecevit resigned, early elections were called,
and a prolonged government crisis ensued.

From 1975 to 1980, unstable coalition governments ruled, led
alternately by Demirel and Ecevit.  By the end of 1979, an
accelerating decline in the economy, coupled with mounting violence
from the extreme left and right, led to increasing instability. Demirel's
government began an economic stabilization program in early 1980,
but by summer, political violence was claiming more than 20 victims
daily.   A severely divided GNA was unable to elect a new president
or to pass other legislation to cope with the crisis.
On September 12, 1980, the NSC, led by General Kenan Evren,
moved successfully to restore public order.  Thousands of terrorists
were captured, along with large caches of weapons and ammunition.
While political activity was banned and the former political parties
dissolved, the NSC initiated steps to restore democratic civilian rule
by 1983. These measures included a national referendum on
November 7, 1982, which resulted in overwhelming public approval
(91%) of a new constitution drawn up by the 160-member
Consultative Assembly and modified by the NSC.  The referendum
simultaneously approved General Evren as president for a 7-year
term.  A temporary article banning former political party leaders from
politics for 10 years also went into effect.

New political parties were allowed to form in 1983 as long as
founding members were not leaders or members of parliament
attached to any pre-1980 political parties.  Prior to the deadline for
participation in the 1983 national elections, three political parties-the
Nationalist Democracy Party, the Motherland Party, and the Populist
Party-were authorized.
In the 1983 elections, the Motherland Party (founded by Turgut Ozal,
deputy prime minister between 1980 and 1982 and architect of
Turkey's successful economic austerity program under the military
government) won an absolute majority in the 400-member Grand
National Assembly (GNA).  The Populist Party came in second, and
the Nationalist Democracy Party third. The new government took
office in December 1983.
The Ozal administration, the first civilian government since the early
1970s to rule without coalition partners, made economic reform its
priority.   In September 1987, a referendum lifting the 10-year ban on
former politicians passed by a small margin. Ozal called immediately
for national elections, the first since 1980 in which all legal parties
were allowed to participate.  The elections were held in November,
and Ozal won a second 5-year term and a comfortable majority in
parliament (292 of 450 seats based on a weighted proportional
system).  The Social Democrat Populist Party won 99 seats and
became the main opposition party.  Former Prime Minister Suleyman
Demirel's Correct Way Party won 59 seats.  No other party reached
the 10% level necessary to enter parliament.  The Democratic Left
Party of former Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit won only 8% of the vote.
The next parliamentary election is due in 1992.
In 1989, Ozal was elected president.  Ozal's Motherland Party
suffered a setback in March 1989 municipal elections, receiving only
22% of the votes cast; down from 36% in 1987.  The opposition has
since called repeatedly for early parliamentary elections.

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS

The 1982 constitution preserves a democratic, secular, parliamentary
form of government with a strengthened presidency.  It provides for
an independent judiciary and safeguards internationally recognized
human rights.  These rights, including freedom of thought,
expression, assembly, and travel, can be limited in times of
emergency and cannot be used to violate the integrity of the state or
to impose a system of government based on religion, ethnicity, or
the domination of one social class.  The constitution prohibits torture
or ill treatment.  Labor rights, including the right to strike, are
recognized in the constitution but can be restricted.  The president
and prime minister share executive powers.  The president, who has
broad powers of appointment and supervision, is chosen by the GNA
for a term of 7 years and cannot be reelected.   The prime minister
administers the government.  The prime minister and the Council of
Ministers are responsible to the GNA.
The 450-member GNA carries out legislative functions.  Election is by
proportional representation. To participate in the distribution of seats,
a party must obtain at least 10% of the votes cast at the national
level as well as a percentage of votes in  the contested district
according to a complex formula.  This "double threshold" or
"barrage" mechanism is intended to reduce the likelihood of coalition
governments by reducing the number of smaller parties in
parliament.

The president is to enact laws passed by the GNA within 15 days.
With the exception of budgetary laws, the president may return a law
to the GNA for reconsideration.  If the GNA reenacts the law, it is
binding.  Constitutional amendments require a two-thirds majority for
approval.  They also may be submitted to popular referendum.
The 1982 constitution preserves the judicial system previously in
effect and provides for a system of state security courts to deal with
offenses against the integrity of the state.  The high court system
remains in place with its functional division, common in European
states, including a constitutional court responsible for judicial review
of legislation, a court of cassation (or supreme court of appeals), a
council of state serving as the high administrative and appeals court,
a court of accounts, and a military court of appeals.  The High
Council of Judges and Prosecutors, appointed by the president,
supervises the judiciary.
Only the Motherland Party remains of the three parties that competed
in the 1983 elections.  The Nationalist Democracy Party dissolved
itself, and the Populist Party merged with the Social Democrat
Populist Party, a new center-left party.


Principal Government Officials

President of the Republic-Turgut Ozal
Prime Minister-Yildirim Akbulut
Minister of Foreign Affairs-Ahmet Kurtcebe Alpetemocin
Ambassador to the United States-Nuzhet Kandemir
Ambassador to the United Nations-Mustafa Aksin

Turkey maintains an embassy in the United States at 1714
Massachussets Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20036  and
consulates general in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and
Houston.


DEFENSE
Turkey's armed forces, with more than 700,000 members, are the
largest in NATO after those of the United States. Turkey entered
NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor,
sharing a long sea and land border with the Soviet Union and
controlling the straits leading from the Black Sea to the
Mediterranean.  Two NATO headquarters are located in Izmir.  More
than 10,000 US military personnel and their dependents are stationed
at installations in Turkey, including a major air base at Incirlik, near
Adana, several communications and electronics facilities, and a
number of smaller installations.  Major Amer-ican military
organizations in Turkey include the Joint US Military Mission for Aid
to Turkey and the US Logistical Group, each headed by a US major
general.   With assistance from the United States and other NATO
allies, the Turkish military is undergoing major modernization.

FOREIGN RELATIONS
Besides its relationships with NATO and the European Community
(EC), Turkey is a member of the OECD and the Council of Europe.
Its primary political, economic, and security ties are with the West.
During the last several years, Turkey has continued to expand its
relations with Western Europe, rejoining the Council of Europe after
an absence of several years and applying for full membership in the
EC.  Turkey also has continued to expand its trade relations with the
Middle East and the Soviet Union.


US-TURKISH RELATIONS
Turkish-American friendship dates to the late 18th century and was
officially sealed by a treaty in 1830.  The present close relationship
began with the agreement of July 12, 1947, which implemented the
Truman Doctrine.  As part of the cooperative effort to further Turkish
economic and military self-reliance, the United States has loaned and
granted Turkey more than $4 billion in economic aid and more than
$14 billion in military assistance.

US-Turkish relations were severely tested in July 1974, when Turkey
invoked a 1960 treaty of guarantee for Cyprus and sent troops there
to protect the Turkish Cypriot community following the overthrow of
the Cypriot government by mainland Greek officers in the Cypriot
national guard.  The ensuing fighting on Cyprus led to Turkish
occupation of the northern part of the island, which remains in place
today.  Turkey's use of American-supplied arms during the
intervention caused the US Congress to mandate an embargo in
1975 on military shipments to Turkey.  Resentment of this action led
to a Turkish decision in July 1975 to suspend important US defense
activities at joint installations and cancel the 1969 defense
cooperation agreement.  The US embargo was relaxed in October
1975, and in March 1976 a new defense agreement was signed, but
not approved, by the Congress.  In September 1978, the embargo
ended and US-Turkish relations improved markedly.  Turkey lifted
restrictions on US activities in late 1978.

The United States and Turkey signed a defense and economic
cooperation agreement in March 1980 that established a new
framework for US military activities in Turkey and committed the
United States to "best efforts" in providing defense support to the
Turkish armed forces.  The two countries signed an exchange of
letters in March 1987 to extend the agreement through December of
1990.  It will continue automatically on a year-to-year basis from 1991
on, unless one of the two parties objects by September 18, 1991, or
by the 18th of any following year.

Turkey temporarily imposed some restrictions on American military
activities in early 1990 in response to the US Senate's consideration
of a resolution to declare a day of remembrance for what Armenians
and others have described as genocide of Armenians by
pre-republican Turkey. Turkey lifted the restrictions after the
resolution failed to pass.  The unresolved Armenian and Cyprus
issues continue to disturb US-Turkish relations.


Principal  US Officials
Principal Officers
Ambassador-Morton I. Abramowitz
Deputy Chief of Mission-Marc Grossman

Counselors
Political Affairs-Michael I. Austrian
Political-Military Affairs-Regina Eltz
Economic Affairs-Charles Jacobini
Administrative Affairs-William Kelly
Public Affairs Officer -Larry Taylor
Defense/Air Attache-Col. Jerry Kafka
Navy Attache-Capt. Jesse James
Army Attache-Col. Robert Jiminez

Consuls General
Istanbul-Thomas Carolan
Izmir-Eugene Zajac

Consul
Adana-Harry Cole

US Mission Addresses
The US embassy is located at 110 Ataturk Blvd., Ankara.  The
consulate general in Istanbul is at 104-108 Mesrutiyet Caddesi; the
consulate general in Izmir at 92 Ataturk Caddesi, third floor; and the
consulate in Adana, on Ataturk Caddesi.


ECONOMY

The Turkish economy underwent dramatic changes in the 1980s.  An
export-led growth strategy and free-market principles catapulted
Turkey into the ranks of the fastest growing economies in the OECD.
Turkey's free market orientation is dynamic, and it is unlikely to
return to former inward-looking policies.  The industrial sector has
assumed greater importance in the Turkish economy, although the
public sector, which includes state-owned or controlled enterprises,
still accounts for about one-third of industrial production.  Ozal's
Motherland Party has reinforced and expanded economic  reforms
since coming to power in 1983.
Agriculture continues as a mainstay, employing almost half the total
labor force in the production of cotton, tobacco, grains, fruits, and
vegetables.  Because of the productivity of Turkey's soil and the
efforts of Turkish farmers, the country was one of the few in the
world that was self-sufficient in food during the 1980s.  Ambitious
government projects, including a $21 billion irrigation program to
create a new "fertile crescent" in the semiarid southeast, stress
agriculture's important role in foreign trade.  Turkey's regional
climatic diversity and usually adequate rainfall permit a broad range
of crops.

Growth in GNP averaged almost 7% between 1983 and 1989.  The
pace of Turkey's growth, however, slowed in the late 1980s.
Unrestrained government spending, rapid economic development,
and drought conditions have had a price:  unemployment stands at
14.4%, and inflation remains steady at almost 70%.  One of the main
reasons for inflation is the public sector deficit, which reached 7.5%
of GNP in 1989 and is expected to exceed that ratio in 1990.
Severe drought conditions were a major factor in a recession that
continued into 1989.  Agricultural production dropped by almost
11%, pushing real GNP growth to the lowest level since 1980-1.8%.

  Turkish authorities have enacted austerity measures to reduce
inflation, including an ambitious program to privatize inefficient state
economic enterprises that contribute substantially to the deficit.
Better than normal agricultural conditions led to economic recovery
in 1990, with real GNP growth expected to reach 9%.  Yet, lower
import duties-reduced to stimulate domestic production and demand
by creating greater competition-and the Turkish lira's real
appreciation against currencies of its primary trading partners, the
United States and Germany, led to a major acceleration in imports
and stagnation in export growth in 1990.  The trade deficit further
worsened as all commercial relations with Iraq were suspended.  A
current account deficit in excess of $1 billion is expected for 1990.
Domestic economic problems were offset in the 1980s by substantial
improvements in Turkey's external account as exports expanded
from $5.7 billion in 1983 to $11.6 billion in 1989.  Turkey posted a
current account surplus of $1.5 billion in 1988, the first time since
1973.  This remarkable improvement came as a result of the lowest
trade deficit in a decade ($1.8 billion) and a jump of about 60% in
tourism revenues (from $1.48 billion to $2.36 billion).  In 1989, a
surplus of $966 million was achieved.
Turkey has an exemplary record for repayment of its foreign debt,
which stabilized at $41 billion at the end of 1989.  Turkey refinanced
military debts during 1988 and 1989 by exchanging them for
long-term commercial credits.
 Turkey has attracted foreign investment by implementing one of the
more liberal foreign investment laws in the world.  Between 1981 and
1989, net foreign direct investment increased from $95 million to
$633 million.  As of mid-1990, the government had authorized foreign
direct investment projects totaling $5.6 billion.
Turkey's economic orientation is increasingly toward the West,
although it is looking for new markets in Asia and the Middle East.
 In April 1987, Turkey applied for full membership in the EC.  In 1989,
the EC announced it would consider no new members before 1993,
the target for completion of the EC's single market plan.   In 1990,
the EC called for closer economic cooperation with Turkey under the
existing association agreement and will review Turkey's membership
application.

With potential membership in the EC as the catalyst, Turkey
continues to liberalize its economy and harmonize related legislation
to bring it closer to Western standards.  In the 1990s, measured
economic growth with financial stability will remain a major domestic
goal.


TRAVEL NOTES

Customs:  A visa is not required of holders of US tourist passports
(regular, official, or diplomatic) who plan to stay in Turkey for 3
months or less.  Persons who plan to come to Turkey for longer
stays must apply for a visa from a Turkish embassy or consulate.

Currency:  There are no restrictions on the importation of Turkish lira
or hard currencies into Turkey.  However, residents of Turkey must
declare all currencies in excess of the equivalent of $5,000 upon
entry.  Visitors to Turkey may exchange Turkish lira up to the
equivalent of $5,000 into foreign currency without any
documentation.


Climate and clothing:  Clothing and shoe requirements are about the
same as for the eastern US.  Climate on the periphery (Istanbul,
Izmir, and Adana) is Mediterranean with cool, rainy winters and hot,
moderately dry summers.  The Black Sea coast receives the greatest
rainfall.  Shielded by mountains, the interior (Ankara) has continental
climate with cold winters and dry, hot summers. Climate in the
eastern mountainous area is often severe.

Health:  Public health standards in the larger cities approach those
in the US, but care must be taken, especially in rural areas.  While
tap water in major cities is generally potable, it is recommended that
bottled water be used at all times, because of  possible intermittent
contamination of water lines.  Turkish law requires that at least one
pharmacy be open in a neighborhood at all times.

Telecommunications:  Telephone and telegraph services, domestic
and international, and generally dependable.  During peak hours,
circuits are often overloaded. Turkey is seven hours ahead of EST.
Daylight savings time is used.


Transportation:  More than 20 scheduled airlines connect Turkey with
all parts of the world.  Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Antalya, and Dalaman
are Turkey's primary international airports.  Turkish Airlines (THY),
Turkish state railways, and a variety of intercity bus companies serve
many points in Turkey, Europe, and the Middle East.  Local buses,
share cabs, and minibuses (dolmus), although somewhat crowded,
provide satisfactory local transportation. Taxis are readily available.
Main roads are fairly good in and between the large centers;
secondary roads are generally adequate. Roads frequently lack
shoulders.  Drivers should exercise extreme care because of heavy
truck and other traffic, and unpredictable drivers.  Driving at night in
the countryside should be avoided because of many  or poorly-lit
vehicles on the highway.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

US DEPARTMENT OF STATE DISPATCH

As the Department's new weekly paid subscription magazine, the US
Department of State Dispatch is the most comprehensive source of
official infor-mation on US foreign policy.  Dispatch includes
speeches, congressional testimony, fact sheets, Gists, country
profiles, treaty actions, updates on Central and Eastern Europe and
events in the Persian Gulf, and more.  Published by the Bureau of
Public Affairs, the new magazine is indexed every 6 months.
Dispatch is available by subscription only from:   The Superintendent
of Documents, US Government Printing office (address below), and
the National Technical Information Service, US Department of
Commerce (5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield VA 22161-2171.


COMPUTER INFORMATION DELIVERY SERVICE

In February 1991, the Department of State will join the Computer
Information Delivery Service (CIDS), an established computer
network providing access within minutes of release to time-sensitive
US foreign policy information for subscribers around the world.  CIDS
will carry full texts of Dispatch, Background Notes, and the official
transcripts of the daily press briefings, press conferences, and other
key events.  For information concerning subscriptions, call the CIDS
Infor-mation Center at [phone], or write the Office of Public
Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs, US Department of State,
Washington, DC, 20520-6810.


Publications Concerning Turkey

Also available from the Superintendent of Documents,  US
Government Print- ing Office, Washington, DC, 20402:

Turkey Post Report-US  Department of State (1990).

Turkey,  A Country Study- American University (1989).

Foreign Labor Trends-US Department of Labor.

Foreign Economic Trends-US Department of Commerce.
Economic trends and trade information is available from the
International Trade Administration, US Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC, 20230, or  from any Commerce Department district
office.

Published by the United States Department of State - Bureau of
Public Affairs  - Office
of  Public Communication  -  Washington, DC -- January 1991

Editor:  Deborah Guido-O'Grady.


Department of State Publication 7850 Background Notes Series.
This material is in the public domain and may be reprinted without
permission; citation of this source is appreciated.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC, 20402.